[Article in Spanish] Martínez-Valverde I(1), Periago MJ, Ros G. Author information: (1)Unidad Docente de Bromatología e Inspección de Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, España. [citation needed] There is now a consensus about how humus plays a hormonal role rather than simply a nutritional role in plant physiology. Davies K.J., Quintanilha A.T., Brooks G.A., Packer L. Free radicals and tissue damage produced by exercise. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [104] However evidence on substantial differences between organic food and conventional food is insufficient to make claims that organic food is safer or more healthy than conventional food. 2020 Mar;33(1):3-11. doi: 10.1089/ped.2019.1135. [38], Other methods include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Rancimat method (rancidification assessment of fat). Vidalenolone can be found in the tropical red alga Vidalia sp. [79], In the kelp species Alaria marginata, phenolics act as chemical defence against herbivores. [84] Pinosylvin is a pre-infectious stilbenoid toxin (i.e. 1997. Can diet modulate trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production? Various classification schemes can be applied. [103] Some advocates for organic farming claim that organically grown potatoes , oranges , and leaf vegetables have more phenolic compounds and these may provide antioxidant protection against heart disease and cancer . "Tandem mass spectrometry of the B-type procyanidins in wine and B-type dehydrodicatechins in an autoxidation mixture of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin". Some methods for quantification of total phenolic content are based on colorimetric measurements. Med. The recovery of natural phenols from biomass residue is part of biorefining. [70], In female elephants, the two compounds 3-ethyl phenol and 2-ethyl 4,5 dimethylphenol have been detected in urine samples. Notable sources of natural phenols in human nutrition include berries, tea, beer, olive oil, chocolate or cocoa, coffee, pomegranates, popcorn, yerba maté, fruits and fruit based drinks (including cider, wine and vinegar) and vegetables. Mohd Ramli ES, Sukalingam K, Kamaruzzaman MA, Soelaiman IN, Pang KL, Chin KY. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. [96], Natural phenols can be involved in allelopathic interactions, for example in soil[97] or in water. For phenol: 1 ppm = 3.85 mg/m 3. Biophys. Natural phenols show optical properties characteristic of benzene, e.g. 1982;107:1198–1205. 2011;12:9514–9532. [69] Other simple and complex phenols can be found in eusocial ants (such as Crematogaster) as components of venom. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Baker C. Jacyn, Mock Norton M., Whitaker Bruce D., Roberts Daniel P., Rice Clifford P., Deahl Kenneth L. and Aver'Yanov Andrey A.. "Cloning and substrate specificity of a human phenol UDP glucuronosyltransferase expressed in COS-7 cells". [100] This compound also allows higher transformation efficiency in plants, in A. tumefaciens mediated transformation procedures, and so is of importance in plant biotechnology.[101]. In this study, researchers from Kenya, Cameroon and Turkey evaluated the cytotoxicity of 11 naturally occurring compounds on human carcinoma cell lines and normal fibroblasts. Dichlorofluorescin is a probe that is trapped within cells and is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [67] Guaiacol is one of the main components of the pheromones that cause locust swarming. 2013;2013:956792. doi: 10.1155/2013/956792. As the most widely consumed fruit in the world, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) [43] The three cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Oscillatoria sp. Evaluating The Cytotoxicity Of Plant-Derived Phenolic Compounds Toward Human Carcinoma Cells . Phenolics are formed by three different biosynthetic pathways: (i) the shikimate/chorizmate or succinylbenzoate pathway, which produces the phenyl propanoid derivatives (C6–C3); (ii) the acetate/malonate or polyketide pathway, which produces the side-chain-elongated phenyl propanoids, including the large group of flavonoids (C6–C3–C6) and some quinones; and (iii) the acetate/mevalonate pathway, which produces the aromatic terpenoids, mostly monoterpenes, by dehydrogenation reactions. Those phenolics originate both from explant tissues and from explant secretions. This process is undertaken by the gut bacterium Pantoea agglomerans. Sci. A review of molecular mechanisms of the anti-leukemic effects of phenolic compounds in honey. Flavonoids and a proanthrocyanidin from rhizomes of Selliguea feei. After proper mixing of the sample and the reagent, the mixture is incubated for 10 minutes at ambient temperature and the absorbance of the solution is read at 440 nm. [105][106], In animals and humans, after ingestion, natural phenols become part of the xenobiotic metabolism. Home > Health. Phenolic Compounds Promote Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Maintain Colonic Health Phenolic Compounds Promote Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Maintain Colonic Health Dig Dis Sci. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. The wavelengths left in the process (generally in red section of the spectrum) recompose the color of the particular substance. Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human D. Ghasemzadeh INTRODUCTIONNatural bioactive compounds especially from plant sources, including spices have been investigated for their characteristics and health effects. 2013;20:621–638. Privacy, Help Its content in flavonoids and phenolic acids plays a key role on human health, thanks to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that they exert. Honey as a source of dietary antioxidants: structures, bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human chronic diseases. [95], In plants, VirA is a protein histidine kinase which senses certain sugars and phenolic compounds. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. Phenolic compounds are closely associated with the sensory and nutritional quality of fresh and processed plant foods. Honey possesses antimicrobial capacity and antic …. It is present in the heartwood of Pinaceae. [citation needed], Phenolics can also be found in non-vascular land plants (bryophytes). The composition and content of phenolic compounds in natural apples differs according to the tissue types and cultivar varieties. [102] Unfiltered olive oil has the higher levels of phenols, or polar phenols that form a complex phenol-protein complex. Increased consumption of diets containing phenolic compounds may give positive and better results to human health and significantly improves the immune system. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The method measures the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of DCF by 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP)-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. [103], Some advocates for organic farming claim that organically grown potatoes, oranges, and leaf vegetables have more phenolic compounds and these may provide antioxidant protection against heart disease and cancer. ... Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. Potential role of olive oil phenolic compounds in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. [59], The aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces ellagic, gallic and pyrogallic acids and (+)-catechin. Commun. Honey is a natural substance appreciated for its therapeutic abilities since ancient times. Nowadays the interest in these compounds has increased mainly due to their diverse chemical structure and wide biological activity valuable in the prevention of some chronic or degenerative diseases. This assay is often referred to as the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. 2021 Feb 3. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02491-6. Curr. [30][31], Studies on evaluating antioxidant capacity can used electrochemical methods. Flavonoid content is expressed in mg/g of quercetin.[35]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. absorption near 270 nm. -, Noori S., Faiza S., Mohammed A., Amjed A., Khelod Y.S., Ahmad A.A.L.G. 10.3390/molecules20034655 [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Romero C., Brenes M. (2012). : a systematic review", "A novel complex locus UGT1 encodes human bilirubin, phenol, and other UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes with identical carboxyl termini", Natural sources of phenols on www.britannica.com, List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naturally_occurring_phenols&oldid=1002463018, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Catechol, Hydroquinone, 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone. [citation needed], 2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol is a phenolic compound found in the orchids Gastrodia elata and Galeola faberi. Online ahead of print. Phytochemicals and antioxidants from plant sources are of increasing interest to consumers because of their roles in the maintenance of human health. Emerging studies bring evidence that nutrition may play an essential role in immune system modulation also by altering gene expression. In this work, 19 phenolic compounds were investigated in both skin and pulp tissues of seven apple accessions across the Malus genus collected at two stages: during … [citation needed] Phenolic compounds can be found in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima, used in the dietary supplement, Spirulina. Phytochemicals under research can be classified into major categories, such as carotenoids and polyphenols, which include phenolic acids, flavonoids, and stilbenes/lignans. The proteobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens produces phloroglucinol, phloroglucinol carboxylic acid and diacetylphloroglucinol. [39], Larvae of the model animal Galleria mellonella, also called waxworms, can be used to test the antioxidant effect of individual molecules using boric acid in food to induce induced an oxidative stress. Quantitation results produced by the means of diode array detector-coupled HPLC are generally given as relative rather than absolute values as there is a lack of commercially available standards for every phenolic molecules. Res. Johannes J. L. Cilliers and Vernon L. Singleton, "Teneurs en principaux flavonoides des fleurs de. Phenolic compounds may have both beneficial and toxic effects on human health. Honey exerts also a protective effect in the cardiovascular system, where it mainly prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, in the nervous system, in the respiratory system against asthma and bacterial infections, and in the gastrointestinal system. Phytochemicals generally are regarded as research compounds rather than essential nutrients because proof of their possible health effects has not been established yet. [citation needed] In the analogous hardening of the cockroach ootheca, the phenolic substance concerned is 3:4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid). The main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, which give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste, have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. [77], In soils, it is assumed that larger amounts of phenols are released from decomposing plant litter rather than from throughfall in any natural plant community. Mohd Kamal DA, Ibrahim SF, Kamal H, Kashim MIAM, Mokhtar MH. 2010. Most common phenolic compounds identified in honey. An Insight Into COVID-19: A 21st Century Disaster and Its Relation to Immunocompetence and Food Antioxidants. -. "Involvement of acetosyringone in plant-pathogen recognition". Polyphenols, organic compounds found abundantly in plants, have become an emerging field of interest in nutrition in recent decades. Arch. The reaction may be monitored spectrophotometrically. Longev. [76], In some cases of natural phenols, they are present in vegetative foliage to discourage herbivory, such as in the case of Western poison oak. Epub 2009 Jul 19. The present review focuses on recent works analysing the relationship between the structure of olive oil polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Methylations can occur by the formation of an ether bond on hydroxyl groups forming O-methylated polyphenols. For example, ellagic acid is a dimer of gallic acid and forms the class of ellagitannins, or a catechin and a gallocatechin can combine to form the red compound theaflavin, a process that also results in the large class of brown thearubigins in tea. 2008 Dec;46(12):3774-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.062. Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) are the richest source of phenolic compounds with excellent antioxidant properties. Most of the secondary metabolites of herbs are used in a number of pharmaceutical products. Careers. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard solution, producing a standard curve. The content of the unknown phenols is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate standard. are the subject of research into the natural production of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),[44] an antioxidant, food additive and industrial chemical. [71] Temporal glands secretion examination showed the presence of phenol, m-cresol and p-cresol (4-methyl phenol) during musth in male elephants. L. E. L. Rasmussen and V. Krishnamurthy, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of phenolic compounds extracts of Northeast Portugal honey. doi: 10.2174/092986713804999358. A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothetical type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro.Numbering over 4,000 distinct species mostly from plants, polyphenols may have antioxidant activity in vitro, but are unlikely to be antioxidants in vivo. Would you like email updates of new search results? The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed flavanoids. Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: When to use the synthetic antioxidants. Apples are particularly rich in phenolic compounds, non-nutritional phytochemicals that play active roles in controlling severe chronic diseases. [5] As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures, their role in human health and disease is a subject of research. Sakuranetin, a flavonone phytoalexin from ultraviolet-irradiated rice leaves, Kodama O., Miyakawa J., Akatsuka T. and Kiyosawa S., "Biosynthesis and regulation of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins induced during. [16][17] This is correlated to the non enzymatic browning color change characteristic of this process. The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can remove up to 80% of phenolic compounds from coking waste water.[25]. Honey possesses antimicrobial capacity and anticancer activity against different types of tumors, acting on different molecular pathways that are involved on cellular proliferation. For the molecule alone, see. Cavicularin is an unusual macrocycle because it was the first compound isolated from nature displaying optical activity due to the presence of planar chirality and axial chirality. Murgia V, Manti S, Licari A, De Filippo M, Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL. The phenolic content of banana cultivars and compounds identified by various researchers is presented in Table 1. [104] 2021 Jan 10;13(1):197. doi: 10.3390/nu13010197. Online ahead of print. 2020 Oct 28. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06676-7. Biochem. Phenols have been investigated as drugs. Herbs and spices, nuts (walnuts, peanut) and algae are also potentially significant for supplying certain natural phenols. In the case of the O-methylated flavone tangeritin, all of the five hydroxyls are methylated, leaving no free hydroxyls of the phenol group. [29], pKa of phenolic compounds can be calculated from the retention time in liquid chromatography. The purpose of this review is to summarize and update the current information regarding the role of honey in health and diseases. [citation needed] There has been a long debate about the ability of plants to uptake humic substances from their root systems and to metabolize them. ... Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most common phenolic compounds identified…. [72][73][74], p-Cresol and o-cresol are also components of the human sweat. [45] Another example of phenolics produced in proteobacteria is 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene, a bacterial stilbenoid produced in Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes. In addition, an antidiabetic activity has also been highlighted, with the reduction of glucose, fructosamine, and glycosylated hemoglobin serum concentration. Molecules 20 4655–4680. [26], Enological tannins are important elements in the flavor of wine. Sci. Phenolic compounds in pigeon pea possess various biological properties beneficial to human health. [citation needed], In ferns, compounds such as kaempferol and its glucoside can be isolated from the methanolic extract of fronds of Phegopteris connectilis[56] or kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, a known bitter-tasting flavonoid glycoside, can be isolated from the rhizomes of Selliguea feei. Results are typically expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Aryldialkylphosphatase (also known as organophosphorus hydrolase, phosphotriesterase, and paraoxon hydrolase) uses an aryl dialkyl phosphate and H2O to produce dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. Fruits are nowadays considered important suppliers of anti-oxidant molecules. The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Chapter eight: "Biosynthesis of terpenophenolic metabolites in hop and cannabis". Phenols are found in the natural world, especially in the plant kingdom. METHODS: To date, the research for natural antioxidants as alternative to synthetic products is of … An example of such molecules is catechin. The different classes of polar phenolic compounds present in olive oil with molecular structures of representative examples. Many of the health benefits associated with polyphenols may be related to their … In plants, the phenolic units are esterified or methylated and are submitted to conjugation, which means that the natural phenols are mostly found in the glycoside form instead of the aglycone form. -, Alvarez-Suarez J.M., Giampieri F., Battino M. Honey as a source of dietary antioxidants: Structures, bioavailability and evidence of protective effects against human chronic diseases. A method for phenolic content quantification is volumetric titration. National Library of Medicine The phenolic unit can be found dimerized or further polymerized, creating a new class of polyphenol. In olive oil, tyrosol forms esters with fatty acids. J Agric Food Chem 57, ... Optimization of bioactive compounds in buckwheat sprouts and their effect on … Phenolic compounds isolated from plant sources include simple phenols, flavonoids, lignins and lignans, tannins, xanthones, and coumarins . The phenolic compounds resveratrol, flavonoids, and furanocoumarins have many ecologic functions and affect human health. Berries contain a range of chemical compounds with antioxidant properties, including phenolic compounds. [21], Volatile phenolic compounds are found in plant resin where they may attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant. 6.2.2 Role of phenolic compounds in algal cells Polyphenols play multiple roles within the life cycles of algae, from the early developmental stages to adult plant development, including growth and reproduction, cell-wall formation, adhesion, and polyspermy prevention (Schoenwaelder 2002). Orobol, an isoflavone, can be isolated from Aspergillus niger. eCollection 2021. [53], Phenolic compounds are mostly found in vascular plants (tracheophytes) i.e. Phenolic compounds including simple phenols and phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids are bioactive substances occurring widely in food plants. A growing body of research indicates that polyphenol consumption may play a vital role in health through the regulation of metabolism, weight, chronic disease, and cell proliferation. [1][5][6][7]:104 Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants. Abubakar MB, Abdullah WZ, Sulaiman SA, Suen AB. Chem. This compound showed high antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, a pathogenic fungus of papaya. High levels of phenolics in some woods can explain their natural preservation against rot. These phenolic compounds are known to exhibit potent anti-cancer activities as well as combat various diseases associated with oxidative stress . Volatile compounds in honey: A review on their involvement in aroma, botanical origin determination and potential biomedical activities. fruits provide a high level of phenolics and have many beneficial effects on human health. Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase uses an aromatic alcohol and NAD+ to produce an aromatic aldehyde, NADH and H+. Phenolic compounds comprise a broad class of natural products formed mainly by plants, but also microorganisms and marine organisms that have the capacity to form them. Oxid. According to Woodward's rules, bathochromic shifts often also happen suggesting the presence of delocalised π electrons arising from a conjugation between the benzene and vinyls groups. Coutinho-Wolino KS, de F Cardozo LFM, de Oliveira Leal V, Mafra D, Stockler-Pinto MB. Such compounds can be implied in the hypersensitive response of plants. 2012 Nov 15;13(11):15054-73. doi: 10.3390/ijms131115054. Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Associated Health Benefits: A Review. [Nutritional importance of phenolic compounds in the diet]. A diverse family natural phenols are the flavonoids, which include several thousand compounds, among them the flavonols, flavones, flavan-3ol (catechins), flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids.[10]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright 2014;10:246–250. [107] The enzyme encoded by the gene UGT1A8 has glucuronidase activity with many substrates including coumarins, anthraquinones and flavones. Weixing Sun, Miller Jack M.. "Nonenzymic Autoxidative Reactions of Caffeic Acid in Wine". A new method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established for simultaneously analyzing 35 types of phenolic compounds in human urine samples, including 12 hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), 16 brominated phenols (BRPs), 5 hydroxyl polybrominated diphenyl ethers … 2021 Jan 18;14:241-256. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S291828. [61] For instance, rosmarinic acid and a rosmarinic acid 3'-O-β-D-glucoside can be found in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. Two natural phenols from two different categories, for instance a flavonoid and a lignan, can combine to form a hybrid class like the flavonolignans. Marine algal phenolics have been reported as an apparent exception to this biogeographic trend. Juglone is an example of such a molecule inhibiting the growth of other plant species around walnut trees. Aromatic alcohols (example: tyrosol) are produced by the yeast Candida albicans. Phenolic compounds are well-known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancer properties, with potential benefits in the treatment of various human diseases. [58], In conifers (Pinophyta), phenolics are stored in polyphenolic parenchyma cells, a tissue abundant in the phloem of all conifers. In subsequent phase II reactions, these activated metabolites are conjugated with charged species such as glutathione, sulfate, glycine or glucuronic acid. doi: 10.3390/ijms12129514. February 17th, 2021 | 17:18 PM | 45 views. NATURALNEWS . Extraction can be performed using different solvents. UGT1A6 is a human gene encoding a phenol UDP glucuronosyltransferase active on simple phenols. 8600 Rockville Pike The reactivity of the various antioxidants tested are compared to that of Trolox, which is a vitamin E analog. From a human physiological standpoint, phenolic compounds are vital in defense responses, such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. [citation needed] Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) use 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol for chemical signaling (pheromones). [49] These molecules are quorum sensing compounds for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[50]. [85] It is a fungitoxin protecting the wood from fungal infection. [41], The phenolic biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and enzymes can be studied by mean of transgenesis of genes. -, Manyi-Loh C.E., Ndip R.N., Clarke A.M. [94], Stilbenes are produced in Eucalyptus sideroxylon in case of pathogens attacks. Epub 2008 Oct 4. [40] The content of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress indicator, and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase can be monitored. Estevinho L, Pereira AP, Moreira L, Dias LG, Pereira E. Food Chem Toxicol. They can therefore be called simple phenols or monophenols, with only one phenolic group, or di- (bi-), tri- and oligophenols, with two, three or several phenolic groups respectively. Int J Mol Sci. [75], 4-Ethylphenol, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 3-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid are components of castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European beaver (Castor fiber), used in perfumery. Total phenols (or antioxidant effect) can be measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. [62], The hardening of the protein component of insect cuticle has been shown to be due to the tanning action of an agent produced by oxidation of a phenolic substance forming sclerotin. Cincinnati, OH. concentrations of the phenolic compounds, which are responsible for the sensory and antioxidant properties of high-qualityoliveoils,arenotalwaysinagreement.Thelack of a suitable analytic methodology is the main cause of inaccuracies in the quantitative evaluation of the phenolic compounds of olive oil. Nutrients. 2010;7(4):315-21. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v7i4.56693. Major polyphenolic compounds found in p lants are flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), flavo nones, iso-flavones, flavanols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids, chalcones, lignans etc. Front Vet Sci. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection-Associated Acute Cough and the Urge to Cough: New Insights for Clinical Practice. 2013;20(5):621-38. doi: 10.2174/092986713804999358. [86], Sakuranetin is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid. Phenolic compoundsBanana pulp and peel contains various phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, tannins and anthocyanins. Acylation with cinnamic acids of anthocyanidins shifted color tonality (CIE Lab hue angle) to purple.[13].
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